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Friday, September 10, 2021

THE GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION 1929 – 1933

 


THE GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION 1929 – 1933



This is an economic crisis within the capitalist economy which is caused by over production starting from 1929 – 1933.


Characteristics / Features of G.E.D of 1920 – 1933.


1. Existence of high inflations.

2. Mass unemployment due to lack of economic activities.


3. Low purchasing power among the population because of unemployment.

4. Protectionism policy; whereby different nations adopted various policies to domestic market protection.


5. It characterized by famine, starvation and hunger hence death of many people.

6. Low production of industrial goods and general fall prices in a long run.


7. Closure of financial institutions i.e. banks and insurance companies.

8. Poor provisional of social services and closure of industries.


Causes of G.E.D


1. Effects of the WWI of 1914 – 1918.

This led to the decline of European nation while economy of U.S.A was gain momentum at the end of the war the purchasing power of European nations declined while production of raw materials and commodities increased. In U.S.A production become non sellable and profitless which accelerated to price fractuation in U.S.A hence this led to G.E.D of 1929 – 1933.


2. Over production.

U.S.A produced manufactured goods because U.S.A thought that her markets were stable as it was before and during WWI e.g. U.S.A produced more food, zinc, copper, cocoa etc. This led to the fall of process in U.S.A and European nation were not able to absorb all manufactured goods this led several industries bankrupt and closed, farmers also were not producing more because they had no money to run agricultural activities, all these led to profit less among the formers and industrialist hence the G.E.D in U.S.A.


3. Socialist revolution of 1917.

Russia introduced the socialist revolution after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917 whereby began to spread different parts of the world, this led imperialist nations to lose markets to those socialist nations, hence over production of raw materials and manufactured goods in USA and the fall prices which led to the occurrence of G.E.D.


4. The effect of protectionist policy.

Immediately after the WWI U.S.A was economically stable which helped other European countries to revive their own economies, however the European countries used the loans from U.S.A to restrict their industries and stabilize the economy & at the same time European nations initiated protectionist policy to defend their industries and agricultural production, this led USA to lose market in European nations hence it increased agricultural productions and industrial productions in U.S.A leading to overproduction, profitless among the farmers and industrialist hence the G.E.D in U.S.A.


5. The collapse of the New York exchange in Oct 1929.

Because this had a lot of impacts on U.S.A economy e.g. the poor people spend their savings to buy few shares while shares were not sold due to lack of money among the traders and workers. Also stock exchange lost value whereby shares were sold on credits, banks were run bankrupt due to the fact did not return the money because shares were not sold as a result links were closed, this led to unemployment to the people worked in industries and financial institutions, also farmers who borrowed money from the banks to buy shares did not return the money to banks because shares lost value and were not sold, asa result of farmers to undergo crisis and their farms were taken by bankers due to the failure of paying back the debt hence G.E.D in U.S.A


The struggling mother of a migrant family at a temporary camp in California during the Great Depression


Effect of G.E.D World Wide


1. Industrial production dropped severely.

This is because there was the fall of industrial and agricultural production hence industries and agricultural sector were producing under their capacity.


2. Fall of process of raw materials and manufactured and goods which accelerated to propping of agricultural production and commodities.


3. Unemployment where by many workers were sucked or taken away from their work so as to reduce the cost of production.


4. Low wages and salaries to those few remained employed.


5. Fall of international trade; this is due to protectionism policy but also accelerated same countries to reduce custom duties in order to attract traders.


6. Currencies lost their values e.g. German Dutch Mark.


7. Most of the imperialist countries started to adopt protectionism policy in order to protect their domestic market, industries and agricultural sector.


8. The fall of purchasing power because many people had unemployed and countries declined their economy.


9. The rise of dictatorship in the world especially in Italy, Germany and Japan where by directors in those nations used the effect of G.E.D to mobilize people and get to leadership.


10. GED finalized almost the decline of Britain super powerness.


11. It led to reduction of public servicesin order to reduce the cost of administration.

12. Rise of dictatorship in Europe and Japan.


Effect of G.E.D in Africa


1. The fall prices of raw materials.


2. Massive unemployment because Africans who were employed in colonial sectors majority of them were sucked because colonialist faced crisis.


3. Low wages paid to few employed people in colonial sectors.


4. It led to intensification of exploitation/high exploitation of Africa resources because the colonialist exploited more the African resources in order to compensate the problem of crisis in their countries.


5. Reduction of social services in the colonies in order to reduce the cost of administration.


6. The increase of taxation in order colonialist to get money from colonies to revive their economy.


7. The fall of purchasing power in the colonies.

8. The rise of prices of manufactured goods in the colonies.


9. Increased the struggle for independence in Africa due to the effects of G.E.D in the colonies like exploitation.


10. The formation of cooperative unions/societies in order to demand for their rights like high wages, good working condition, high prices for their raw material etc.


Effect of G.E.D in Impact in U.S.A


1. Farmers of medium and small sizes were affected following the fall prices of their raw materials, thus led them to fail to pay the rent they took from the bank hence forced them to sell their land and remain tenants.


2. The financial system were also affected which led to the collapse of New York stock exchange and bankrupt of many banks reg. It was estimated that by 1932, ½ of the total bank had run bankrupt.


3. Unemployment, Many Americans were unemployed due to the effects of G.E.D whereby it was estimated that almost 17 mill of people were jobless in America & in New York alone 25 mill were jobless.


4. The fall process of raw materials. This caused farmers to reduce quantities productivity e.g. wheat and barley so as to create the scarcity of raw materials.


5. The decline of industrial period, this led industries to start producing under their capacity fearing over production of manufacturing goods.


Unemployment



Qn: Why Russia was not Affected by G.E.D of 1929 – 1933?


1. Withdrawing of Russia from WWI of 1914 –1918.

This led Russia to concentrate on production and building her own economy for so long and stopped Russia to spend more in the war likewise but also Russia did not pay for war damage.


2. Protection policy.

Russia did not import and export goods from any capitalist nation. It avoided the direct contact with capitalist in trading system.


3. Good leadership of Russia leaders like Lenin, Joseph Stalin.

The policy of these leaders was to build Russia and use resources available effectively and not depending from the capitalist nation.


4 No over production of goods for competition with the capitalist. This enabled Russia to produce goods which could be used by only Russians in order to build their own economy and not otherwise.


5. The Bolshevik revolution of 1917. This brought socialism and useful shearing of production, this led Russia to use production for all people in Russia societies and not for the capitalist.


6. Russia had no colonial empire. This avoided Russia to have more over production to spend in the colonies as the capitalist produced hence Russia had to produce for the consumption of all people in Russian society which did not learn to over production of manufactured goods.

ARAB – JEWISH WARS 1956 -1973

 ARAB – JEWISH WARS (1956 -1973)


These wars were the manifestation of inherent conflict between the Arabs nations and the Jewish due to the question of land on Palestine. On the other land the Jewish were on the defence motive to restore their land which they grabbed from the Palestinians.


Causes of Arabs – Jewish Wars

1. Proclamation of Israel state (1947) (1948) implemented                                           
The united nation resolved the decision to divide Palestine and declared the independent state of Israel. There fare the Arab would denied the existence of Israel state on Arab land hence the act break of the wars.



2. Jewish expansion on Arab land                                                                                   

The influx of Jewish settlers began during the rule of British on Palestine therefore before British withdraw all from Palestine, Jewish invaded Tiberias (April 19, 1948), Haifa (April Jaffa (April 28), The Arab quarters in Jerusalem (April 30), Beisan (May 3) Safad (May 10) and Acre (May 14) 


3. External force, Arab –Jewish war was influenced by external forced. These forces involved the big nation for example USSR and (Czechoslovakia provided weapons to Arab countries while USA Britain and France provided weapons to Jewish.


4. Religious factor, most of the Arabs are Muslims while the Jewish. Are Christians. The Arabs believe in Jihad, the holy war to defend Muslims and Island and the Jewish believe in crusade war. Therefore conflict was inevitable.


5. Racism, Jews believe that they are superior race chosen by God and have the rights to dominate all interior race hence conflict. And on the other hand the Arabs land is an insult to their race hence they declared to defend the Palestinian Arabs.



Conflict in 1967 shifted Israel’s sense of security and hardened positions on both sides
Impacts of Arab-Jewish Wars



1. Death. Many people in the Middle East died due to several attacks from both sides, many Jews and Arabs died.


2. The grab of Arab wealth by the Jews. Jews took an advantage of the war to grab Arab wealth during the war, these included livestock’s and minerals.


3. Displacement of Arab settlement. Most of the Palestinian Arabs lost their land in the hand of Jews Eg: West bank Gaza


4. Increase of number of refugees, there was increasing number of refugees because most of the Palestinian. Arabs left their lands to the neighboring countries.  (About 711,000 refugees). Eg: In Jordan


5. Disintegration of United Arab front opposition to Israel. After the war many Arab nations started to disintegrate to oppose Israel. For example, Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel (Camp David).


6. Destruction of Arab economy, buildings and infrastructures were totally destroyed.

Saturday, February 9, 2019

 THREATS TO WORLD PEACE AFTER WWII


.







UNO’s Motives to Devide Palestine (1947)


1. UNO implemented the partition plan of Palestine in 1947 in order to create the state of Israel


2. The key objective of UNO to divide Palestine to reconcile peace among the Palestine  Arabs an the Jewish


3. Furthermore, UN also was sympathized by the mass genocide of Jews by Adolf Hitler in Germany. Therefore, creation of the Jewish state was an attempt to rescue the Jews from mistreatment.


Impacts of Declaration of New State of Israel (1948)



1. It led to the growth of conflict between Palestinians Arabs and the Jewish due to the land question.


2. Emergence of suicide bombing attacks to the Jewish by the Palestinian Arabs.


3. Interference of USA and the western country to the Middle East politics and diplomacy. Mostly they intend to mediate/are conciliate are bring peace but internally to defend the Jews.


4. Formation of ant-Jews organization and military wings. These were formed by the Palestinians to foster liberation movement e.g.: P.L.O.


5. Officially it ended the British man dale over Palestine.

The Map of Israel

ARAB – JEWISH WARS (1956 -1973)

These wars were the manifestation of inherent conflict between the Arabs nations and the Jewish due to the question of land on Palestine. On the other land the Jewish were on the defence motive to restore their land which they grabbed from the Palestinians.


Causes of Arabs – Jewish Wars

1. Proclamation of Israel state (1947) (1948) implemented                                           
The united nation resolved the decision to divide Palestine and declared the independent state of Israel. There fare the Arab would denied the existence of Israel state on Arab land hence the act break of the wars.



2. Jewish expansion on Arab land                                                                                   

The influx of Jewish settlers began during the rule of British on Palestine therefore before British withdraw all from Palestine, Jewish invaded Tiberias (April 19, 1948), Haifa (April Jaffa (April 28), The Arab quarters in Jerusalem (April 30), Beisan (May 3) Safad (May 10) and Acre (May 14)


3. External force, Arab –Jewish war was influenced by external forced. These forces involved the big nation for example USSR and (Czechoslovakia provided weapons to Arab countries while USA Britain and France provided weapons to Jewish.


4. Religious factor, most of the Arabs are Muslims while the Jewish. Are Christians. The Arabs believe in Jihad, the holy war to defend Muslims and Island and the Jewish believe in crusade war. Therefore conflict was inevitable.


5. Racism, Jews believe that they are superior race chosen by God and have the rights to dominate all interior race hence conflict. And on the other hand the Arabs land is an insult to their race hence they declared to defend the Palestinian Arabs.



Conflict in 1967 shifted Israel’s sense of security and hardened positions on both sides
Impacts of Arab-Jewish Wars



1. Death. Many people in the Middle East died due to several attacks from both sides, many Jews and Arabs died.


2. The grab of Arab wealth by the Jews. Jews took an advantage of the war to grab Arab wealth during the war, these included livestock’s and minerals.


3. Displacement of Arab settlement. Most of the Palestinian Arabs lost their land in the hand of Jews Eg: West bank Gaza


4. Increase of number of refugees, there was increasing number of refugees because most of the Palestinian. Arabs left their lands to the neighboring countries.  (About 711,000 refugees). Eg: In Jordan


5. Disintegration of United Arab front opposition to Israel. After the war many Arab nations started to disintegrate to oppose Israel. For example, Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel (Camp David).


6. Destruction of Arab economy, buildings and infrastructures were totally destroyed.



CAMP DAVID AND EGYPTIAN ISRAEL PEACE TREAT (1978 -79)



1. Through the 1970’s Arab –Israel negotiations continued to dominate the agenda of Middle East International Politics.


2. The United States, seeing the effects that Arabs Israel conflict could have on world economy pressed for solution to the conflict.


3. The camp David refers to the reconcile on the issue of middle east crisis


4. Factor that led to the peace agreement were the frequent wars between the Jews and the Arabs.


5. During the camp David many Arabs nations refused to attend the agreements at camp David, but support of the agreements


6. The support of Egypt led to the 1978 peace treaty between Israel and Arabs.



Agreements of Egyptian –Jews Peace Treaty                                           


1. Israel agreed to return Sinai to Egypt, during the war Jewish conquer the land in Egypt as the result Egypt wanted back her land and was affected in 1982 when the land was returned to Egypt.


2. They had to negotiate Palestinian autonomy measures in the Israel occupied west Bank and Gaza strip.


3. They had to reconcile Egyptian Israel diplomatic relations. They agreed to establish diplomatic relationship among   them


Impact of the Camp David Agreements


1. If led to the division of Arab state e.g. Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Egypt become close to Western countries and USA


2. Camp David did not become the basis for comprehensive settlement of Arab Israel conflict.


3. It led to the reduction of conflict among Arabic and Jewish. That means the consequence was to radically alter the strategic balance in Arab –Israel conflict.


4. Increase of confidence to Israel. Started to gain confidence due to the decrease of Arab opposition.


5. Camp David cemented the US- Egyptian relationship and isolated Soviet Union in the Middle East.



Camp David 1978. From left: Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat; US President Jimmy Carter; and Israeli Prime Minister Menachim Begin.

HISTORY 2: FORMTHE EMERGENCE OF U.S.A AS A NEW CAPITALIST SUPER POWER





TOPIC 6: THE EMERGENCE OF U.S.A AS A NEW CAPITALIST SUPER POWER


Factor for Rise of U.S.A as a Leading Super Power



At the beginning U.S.A was a British colony which gained her independence on 1776; after the six years of war with British soldiers but from 20 th which U.S.A began to rise as a big leading capitalist in the world.


NOTE: The emergence of USA as a super leading power took place after WWI of 1914 – 1918, however from the end of WWII U.S.A become a leading capitalist power while British superiority declined completely due to the following reasons:-


1. U.S.A did not directly involved in both world wars of 1914 - 1918, 1939 – 1945.

Due to the outbreak of world wars; U.S.A gained a lot and these gave U.S.A to build her economy and industries without any disturbance for many years because no war fought in U.S.A soilhence no destruction was ever experienced on U.S.A soil e.g. no destruction of factories, banks, infrastructure, agricultural and trade but also during the war USA supplied war equipments such as war clothes and money to opposition sides, this led U.S.A to get prosperity and wealth also U.S.A provided employment even to women all these enabled U.S.A to build her economy and emerged as a super capitalist leading nation.


2. Extension / provision of U.S.A Marshal plan to war affected European nations.

All European nations which was affected by the war was helped by U.S.A under the Marshal plan as an economic recovery program to all affected European nations therefore the Marshal plan gave a lot of U.S.A dollars approximately to 22 billion U.S.A dollars to Western European countries in term of grants and loans but also U.S.A provided goods; in return all of these nations were to pay back with interest likewise under the Marshal plan U.S.A persuaded the European colonial masters to decolonize her colonies through “U.S.A open door policy” as a conditions for European nation to get Marshal plan, this policy intended to make U.S.A to get Areas in colonies for her to invest, to get market, raw materials and to get cheap labor under the new USA colonialism, all these enabled U.S.A to raise as a leading super power.


3. Maintenance of U.S.A isolation policy.

This policy made U.S.A to stay away from European wars, political conflicts and quarrels this intended to make U.S.A to concentrate on her domestic affairs. The policy which started from 1796 by President George Washington and in 1823 by Monroe Doctrine declared Europe to stay out of U.S.A, this for a long time enabled U.S.A to concentrate on building her own economy domestically e.g. building strong industries, infrastructure, agricultural period but also the policy European power to depend on America for their economic development hence U.S.A with isolation policy managed to rise as a strong capitalist nation is the world.


4. The fall of British super powerless.

This gave a room for U.S.A to harvest super profit for her development; after the collapse of British hegemony U.S.A exploited the former British colony by using the back door whereby those former colonies of British were turned on a place for U.S.A to invest, get market for manufactured goods, cheap labor without any competition hence the profit from those former British colonies enabled U.S.A to rise as the leading super power economically etc.


5. The collapse of communism in the former USSR.

In early 1990’s gave a room for U.S.A to rise as a super power in the world. This was because USSR and U.S.A existed as enemy countries with the cold war politics due to different ideologies i.e. capitalism and socialism but after the collapse of communalism in former USSR witnessed many communist follower in different part of the world abandoned socialism and following capitalism in their nations, this gave a chance for U.S.A to dominate in the world hence U.S.A role as a leading super power.


6. The formation of multinational cooperation and financial institution like IMF and World Bank. Majority of these multinational co operations based on U.S.A therefore they have to implement all investment of U.S.A in different parts of the world because these multinational co operations, military organization i.e. (NATO) are sponsored by the U.S.A to implement the policy of U.S.A, therefore many nations have to welcome these multinational cooperation and financial institution because of weak economic base hence U.S.A rose as a leading capitalist power.


7. Different nature of U.S.A population.

U.S.A had different people from different origin and different back ground in different part of the world including Jews, French, British, Africans, Arabs and Chinese; these people have different knowledge of technologies and science hence they helped U.S.A to build her own economy e.g. Majority of these are technicians, technologist, scientist and others have invested in big industries and big farm which all these helper U.S.A to rise as a leading super power in the world.


8. The capital obtained from British after independence.

British industries, banks, plantation, infrastructure etc, after the American was taken by U.S.A to become a good beginning of U.S.A to become rich so the wealth of British was used domestically in America and after WWII U.S.A become the leading super power in the world.


9. Slave trade.

U.S.A was the major beneficiaries in horrible trade human trafficking whereby this slave trade helped U.S.A to become a leading capitalist nations due to slaves supplied cheap labor in plantations, mines industries invested in America, slaves produced a lot of raw materials for industries established in America. Slaves involved in construction and development parts, harbors, infrastructures and slaves acted as the source of market in U.S.A, all these enabled U.S.A to rise as the leading super power in the world.







DECLINE OF EUROPEAN CAPITALISM.


Reasons for the Decline of European Capitalism

1. European power were active participants in first and second world war (1914 -1918,1939-1945). The wars left the European economy was serious catastropher. The imperialist nation included Britain, German, France and Belgium.


2. The Western European imperialist states were battle field. That means the war was fought on the land field. That means the war was fought on the land of European nations therefore there was mass killings of the people and destruction of properties


3. The post second world war, left the European states highly in debted particullary by the U.S.A billion dollars were given to Britain from 1941 to the end of the second world war in 1945. Through the land lease act of 1941, caugress authorized the safe exchange or lease of arms and other equipments to Britain.


4. The Great depression of 1929-1933 before this Britain had suffered a number of depression such as economic depression of 1837/38 and 1873/1950. Which weakend her economy. Therefore, the Great depression of 1929-33, Re European Economy in serious catastropher Eg: In France the Great depression arrived later and last longer than any where in the western world. On the older land U.S.A despite the fact that she was badly affected the implemented immediate measured to solve the problem by imposing New deal policy.


5. The decline of colonial system after WWII in 1945 Africa there were the rise of mass Nationalism and also at the same time in Asia many colonies started to demand independence Eg: British lost India (1947), Pakistan(1948) and Burma (1948) also had invested much in the colonies like Canada, Australia India and Newzeland. So the independence of these colonies meant that Britain has to lose her market and invest.


6. Too many colonies. So it was burden to them according to the U.S.A policy eg:Portugal had Angola, Mozambique, Guinea Bissau e.t.c.


Impacts of Decline of European Capitalism


1. The rise of U.S.A as a super power of the world. This is due to the fact that U.S.A was not active participate in first and second world war.


2. Decolonization of African countries due to fail of colonial officers to run their colonies.


3. Spread of democracy in the world. Many African countries introduce liberal democracy with multipartism.


4. Introduction of new policies in third world countries such as structural adjustment program (SAP)



U.S.A ECONOMIC PROGRAM TO EUROPE i.e. MARSHALL PLAN - 1947


Marshall Plan was European economic recovery programmed proposed by George C. Marshall (The secretary of the state in 1947 with the aim of helping (aiding) the war affected (ruined) European nations to revive their economics.

OR

War an American plan to spread dollar imperialism by providing economic assistance to revive the economies of the European who was affected by the war.


Origin

The plan was drafted in June 1947 by George C. Marshall who called it a policy of cooperative European revive i.e. The European economic recovery program.

 George C. Marshall


Objective of Marshall Plan


1.The plan needed to reconstruct the devastated (affected) European economy because the war demonized industries, farms, transport, schools, banks, hospitals, Miner , trader etc.


2.The American needed to strengthen her markets for her manufactured goods abroad because at home (U.S.A) was facing over production crisis and she needed a place to dump her manufactured goods and capital.


3.The plan helped European economies with the intention of making European nations not to follow under communism or socialism.


4. The plan aimed to retail the Western European country as a health trading particular with U.S.A in the capitalist world.


Terms / Condition of the Plan


1. U.S.A gave/provided a lot of money approximately more than 22 US billion dollars to western European nations in terms of grants and loans, also U.S.A provide and manufactured goods with the intention of reviving European economies in return Western, European countries world pay back the debts on agreed period of time with interest.


2. The European colonial masters were persuaded to decolonize their colonies as a condition to get loans and grant otherwise they would not get the loan from U.S.A.


Signing the Marshall Plan in 1947


Significance of the Marshall Plan / Loan


1. The plan consolidated US economic domination over Europe which made us to strengthen her imperialism with all her multinational co-operations, financial institution and military organization in Europe.


2. U.S.A was able to rescue war affected economy of Western Europe whereby Western countries were able to rehabilitate their economies. In this plan U.S.A with her open door policy towards investment and trading activities in free zones abroad become practical whereby the plan managed to make the colonialist to change their way of exploiting the colonies due to the fact that through this plan US come with another way of exploitation under the Neo – colonialism whereby all the former colonies were exploited by U.S.A under the back door of neo – colonialism.


3. The plan made U.S.A to start different military organizations abroad to safeguard invests in different parts of the world e.g. SEATO, CENTO, OCAS, NATO, OAS, and military bases established in Mombasa Kenya, Kuwait, and Pakistan.


4.The capital from U.S.A to European nations started to be re-invested in European nations to recover the effect of the war, also others were reinvested in colonies so as to recovery from economic crisis in the metropolitan and to enable the metropolitan countries to payback the debt to U.S.A hence it increase exploitation in the colonies.


5. The plan made U.S.A economic strength in the world which accelerated her to assume as a leading position in the capitalist world (superior power) replacing Britain. This led the financial center to move from London to Washington.


6. The plan made U.S.A to start offering not only money but also machinery, technical assistance and raw materials in different parts of the world especially in capitalist nation which all these strengthen the economy of U.S.A.


Factors Leading the Great Boom on 1920,s in U.S.A


During the period of 1919 up to 1924 the economy of USA in comparison to other nations was much stable this is because of the benefits she got during the WWI of 1914 – 1918 hence U.S.A benefited much in the WWI because of the followings.


1. USA was not participating full in the WWI. This made USA to increase her production because there was no fought in American land.


2. During the war U.S.A was the supplied of food stuffs, war equipment and raw materials to fighting nations. Being paid a lot of money U.S.A enjoyed a big and good market for fighting nations during war time hence she government a lot of money or interest.


3. During the war U.S.A exports increased from 2.4 billion us dollar to 7.4 bill us dollar.


4. By 1920 U.S.A had half output of the world coal extraction,¾ of the world steel,2/5 of the world oil oxidation etc. these enabled U.S.A to get a lot of money and profit from her selling, this increased the wealth in U.S.A and expanded market for US minerals.


5. From 1924 – 1929 U.S.A enjoyed economic boom, because of a lot of elements in the field of manufacturing industries and agricultural industries like Electronic motorbike, film industry, Radio industry and agricultural production also increased which led U.S.A to start looking for markets for her agricultural production in the world hence from 1920’s –1929 U.S.A economy was much stable and led U.S.A to be known as a period of economic boom.

                       

Effects of U.S.A Great Boom of 1920’s


From 1920’s – 1933 after U.S.A had enjoyed the economic boom, the following of U.S.A started to face some crisis and was not stable due to economic depression. Economic depression in U.S.A was resulted by the followings:-


1. Over production of commodities and agricultural production (raw materials).

USA continued to produce more and more because of the market was not stable due to the impact of the war, hence they fail to get market to absorb all manufactured goods and commodities from USA. These lead to over production of raw materials and goods.


2. Protectionism policy.

European nations which were the main markets for U.S.A manufactured goods and raw material started to adopt protectionism policy. In order to protect their industries and their farmers who had started to produce again by using the loan from U.S.A, U.S.A Learned markets in European countries which led U.S.A her economy to undergo depression.


3. The loss of market.

U.S.A loss market for her manufactured goods and raw materials due to different reasons including adaptation of protectionism policy for European countries hence over production in U.S.A.


4. Unemployment. Due to occurrence of this U.S.A industries were closed, farmers were not producing in high capacity fearing of over production; traders, business men were not also trade here and there all these led to depression in economy of U.S.A.


5. Close of financial institutions. Financial institution was closed because people who borrowed money from the bank did not pay back as a result of banks to undergo bankrupt.


6. Closure of industries. Great depression led to close of industries because industrialist feared loss over period of manufactured goods which had caused lack of market among the industries hence industries was closed.


7. Poor provision of social services.


Over production of commodities made many industries in USA fail to get market from the people




THE NEW DEAL POLICY


Refers to the effort/programs taken by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to rescue/pull the U.S.A out of G.E.D of 1929 – 1933 which began in U.S.A after the collapse of New York stock exchange. Roosevelt who become the president of U.S.A after U.S.A being affected by the G.E.D he made a lot of efforts to rescue the economy of U.S.A out of the G.E.D, he become the President of U.S.A 4.03, 1932 where he promised as “ I pledge myself to the New Deal to American people” this was the first opening speech, Roosevelt was expressing the Americans to be confident with him on solving the problems of G.E.D by being supported by Americans hence he said ‘ The only thing we have to fear it fears itself”.


OR

Was an attempt to recognize the capitalist system through registration and other measures taken by democratic party led by president Franklin D. Roosevelt. This combined a series of measures, solution and activities which all intended to rescue the economy of U.S.A from the impact of U.S.A.






Aims /Objectives of New Deal


1. To prevent economic hardship that had been brought by G.E.D to American people.


2.To create employment opportunities to Americans through creating different projects which could give employment to Americans e.g. it was said that 12 out of 15 had no jobs.


3. To increase and estimated demand of goods but also aimed to control period in order to avoid inflation.


4. To reduce and stop poverty which had spread throughout U.S.A because of the effect of G.E.D to Americans.


5. To provide relief to the victims of the economic hardship of the G.E.D e.g. providing shelter for homeless people, food for starving people.


6. Aimed to bring back confidence of American people like farmers, industrialist, and bankers etc who had lost their home because of the effects of G.E.D.


7. To end financial crisis due to the collapse of banks and due to bankrupt of the bank.


8. Aimed to stimulate economic activities e.g. Agriculture production, business activities, industrial period etc.


Measures Taken by Roosevelt in the New Deal / Programme


1. Federal emergence relief administration (FED).

This measure began to create jobs through construction of air parts, roads, school, play ground as a result it gave work to jobless, actors and agrarians.


2. Agricultural adjustment act of 12/05/1933.

This measure aimed at raising the prices of agricultural production by limiting over production; this was accompanied by funds by the tax collector and by the government to compensate the farmers in case of price fluctuation faced the farmers the farmers during the depression.


3. The national industrial recovery act (NIRA).

This was passed in 1935 in order to deal with the effects of depression in the new deal. NIRA aimed to enforce law of fair practice for business men and industrialist where it set minimum wage and maximum wage which workers were suppose to be paid but also NIRA sets primary goals to business companies in order to improve the level of quality of goods but also within NIRA workers rights were organized and bargain were recognized.


4. The public worker administration (PWA).

This measure aimed at initiating of public workers projects e.g. many public workers were buildings which were provided with money from the government in order to run its activities and this public workers project were supposed to pay low interest to the government e.g. There was the building of Tennessee valley authority (T.V.A) in order to control floods and provide electricity in rural areas so as to calm poverty.


5. The finance restricting /banking relief act.

This measure intended to provide loan for bankers to procedure with banking activities.


6. The labour standard act passed in 1938.

This was intended to provide employment to the people but also setting the minimum wage of US dollar cent 25 per hour and maximum working hours is 44 hours per week; but also there should be extra pay for a time exceeding evolving hours but also in this measure children below 16 years were abandon to work in industries rather they were insisted to go to school.


7. Social security fund of 1937.

This measure intended to provide insurance for aged, jobless, blindness, disabled as well as children in need.


8. The civilian conservative cooperation.

In this act a lot of program were initiated / launched by the government where by people in America were to be given works in projects like planting trees, building dams etc.


Improvement in Agriculture


Achievements of the New Deal


The New deal achieved a lot in reviving the U.S.A economy and make her economy stable as collaborated below:-


1. It curbed / achieved in curbing the spread of depression further in U.S.A. This led to revive the economic situation in America hence it accelerated U.S.A to start being stable economically.


2. Created new employment opportunities to Americans who had no employment due to great depression e.g. In 1937 more than US dollar 40 billion had been spend in projects which led to provide employment to American people.


3. Created major political changes in America whereby the democratic party become the majority party by replacing the republication party which was in power hence president Franklin D. Roosevelt come into power with his democratic party.


4. It succeeded in reorganizing agricultural and industrial sectors which had almost collapsed during G.E.D. This was because after the measure taken in the new deal agriculture and industries started to produce more & more and employ many America for stabilizing the American economy.


5. It succeeded in organizing labor in U.S.A whereby labor become an important force in national affairs e.g. There was the formation of labor union to fight for the rights of workers but also labor was needed in almost all sectors revived after the Great depression for economic stability in America.


6. It succeeded in reducing poverty to Americans by providing them with relief such as food, shelter, electricity, and provision of goods, education & health care.


7. It succeeded in reviving different economic sectors in U.S.A e.g. public welfare, banking sector, industrial sector, tourist sector and agricultural sector grow up very rapidly and start to operate it again which all these brought back confidence among the people in America such as bank depositors, farmers, industrialist etc.



Changes in U.S.A Affairs since 1945 / Effects of U.S.A after becoming Super Power


Soon after WWII U.S.A got prosperity / wealth which turned U.S.A as a strongest nation in all aspect of life in the world defending the capitalist nations.


1. US Economy grow more stable because U.S.A benefited a lot in the WWI and WWII e.g. No war was ever fought in American land, U.S.A joined in WWI and WWII very late and all the time U.S.A was a supplier of war equipment for fighting nation in Europe. This enabled U.S.A to get wealth and started to consolidate Monopoly capital which led the rise of larger Monopoly companies which were invested in U.S.A and other parts of the world.


2. U.S.A consolidated her industries; these enabled U.S.A to get more wealth / for development in America e.g. there were armament industries which produced air jobs, naval ships, military weapons, car manufacturing industries etc, all these enabled U.S.A to consolidate her own economy.


3. The rise of income among the working class.

This was due to increase of wages which resulted after the trade union struggles on the rights of workers but also the increase of income led to the rise of national market which also accelerated to ability of American people to consume the commodities production in the country hence U.S.A become stable economically.


4. There was improvement of infrastructure network.

This led U.S.A to start accessing both internal and external market, getting more labor of due to availability of labor mobility in USA but also the improvement of infrastructures accelerated the communication of people in USA.


5. U.S.A was able to extend the Marshall plan.

The Marshall plan led U.S.A to get more wealth from the debt paid from European nation but also with the Marshall plan U.S.A was able to persuade the Europeans to decolonize her colonies so as U.S.A could get areas for market, cheap labour, raw materials for USA and areas to invest.


6. U.S.A established military organization and military bases.

In other parts of the world in order to defend her capitalism or her imperialism with all interest of U.S.A e.g. There was formation of NATO, CENTO, ANZUS, OAS, SEATO, and military bases e.g. Mombasa Somalia in Africa, Pakistan and Kuwait


7. U.S.A started to defend and protect the spread of communism.

In Western Europe and other parts of the world that followed capitalism, hence U.S.A appointed as the policeman of the world to fight against communism from affecting capitalist world.


8. U.S.A abandoned her isolation policy and started to opt the involvement in Western European matter both politically, socially, military and much more economically because Western European countries were under capitalist system being supported by U.S.A.


9. The emergence of cold war politics.

Between the socialist nation under USSR and the capitalist nation under U.S.A until early 1990’s after the collapse of USSR as a leading socialist nation.







RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JAPAN AND U.S.A AFTER WWII


Before the attack of the Pearl Harbor there was the conflict between Japan and U.S.A due to U.S.A support to China which was a traditional enemy of Japan, for this reason Japan declared war against U.S.A which increased tension /enmity due to different ideologies among the imperialist powers however Japan Military troops were supported by Muslim, Hitler and General Francisca Franco of Spain to challenge the ideas of democracy and security of some American closed friends.


Hence U.S.A interred in the WWII following the surprising attack of Japan on a large American Naval base at pear / harbor in Hawaii because Japan was interesting to get rubber, oil and other raw materials from the East Asia especially from Manchuria. This forced U.S.A directly to inter into the WWII against Japan hence it was due to the strong competition between Japanese and U.S.A over the reasons over Asia like rubber, oil metal, markets and the attack of Japan at Pearl Harbor which forced America to inter in the WWII against Japan.


After the WWII and the surrender of Japan, U.S.A and Japan entered on a good relationship which was resulted after the post dam conference of 1945 hence U.S.A occupied Japan and took over three main Island of Japan which were Hokkaido, Shikoku and Kyushu. This allowed U.S.A to create a democratic government in Japan under the U.S.A military commander Mac. Arthur.

 Attack at the Pearl Harbor


How the Relationship between U.S.A and Japan Implemented


The relationship of Japan and U.S.A was implemented in all aspects of life economically, socially, military and politically as elaborated below:-


(i) Japan was forced to adopt new constitution.

This made the King who was the head of state and who had all the powers to be like a figure head or ceremonial leader of the new government / state.


(ii) Introduction of universal suffrage and observation of human rights.


(iii) Japan was not allowed to raise an army and Shinto culture which is a Japanese traditional region established by King based on military expansionism was abolished.


(iv) The education system of Japan was made similar to that of America.


(v) There was a large economic form which was under taken by American government to help Japan. This aimed to make Japan to be strong economically.


(vi) U.S.A offered aid to Japan in order to facilitate the construction of Japanese economy and consolidate Japanese capitalist which accelerated the rapid economy development in Japan.


(vii) U.S.A used the advantage of ruling Japan to check the spread of communism in fear east; in so doing U.S.A strengthen Japanese economy as well as a way of using Japan as a base for advancement of U.S.A imperialism in few East like in Taiwan, South Korea, and Vietnam.


The Effect of U.S.A – Japanese Relation


1. U.S.A made Japan as one of the leading industrial nation in the world. Through industries and technologies she extended in Japan is a world leading ship building, in the world steel production and is the world leading of produce of electronic goods like cameras, watches, mobile phones etc.


2. Japan was made as a base for U.S.A imperialism. This was intending to check the spread of communism in Asia e.g. U.S.A involved Naval base in Japan in 1950’s such as Korean war, this made U.S.A to invest much and put a lot of efforts in Japan in order to check the spread of communism in Eastern Europe but also to defend Japan from communist threat .


3. After the end of the U.S.A rule in Japan in 1970’s; the two nations have remained the big enemies in the modern capitalist technological manufacturing in the world market e.g. Japanese car against U.S.A car.


4. Japan received U.S.A aid to revive her affected economy.


5. There had many adoption of English vocabularies in Japanese language as well as the western business goods started to use the language of Japan as well as the Japanese goods started to use English vocabulary in order to be sold easier at home and at world market.


6. Nowadays Japan has remained as the close friend of U.S.A sharing the American culture and goods for the development of the two nations.


7. Japan was put under the U.S.A domination / rule until the end of U.S.A rule in Japan in 1970’s.


U.S. President Donald Trump (right) and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe (left) meet in Washington, February 2017

HISTORY 2: FORM SIX: Topic 5 - THE RISE OF SOCIALISM                         




TOPIC 5: THE RISE OF SOCIALISM


Socialism refers the fifth mode of production proposed by Karl-max, 1818 – 1883 where by all major means of production like Land, bank, industries etc. are public owned and there should not be Exploitation between man and man and the highest stage of socialism is called Communism. Therefore socialism began in Europe after the industrial development led to the rise of the two antagonistic social users which where the proletariat(workers) and the capitalist or factory owners.


Especially after the industrial new there were intensive exploitation of workers led workers to form their union /working trade union to demand for their rights e.g. Britain there was the rise of Chartism and Laddish, and in France the inspiration of socialism was brought by the French new of 1989 which advocated for liberty, equality and fraternity to all, hence socialism was practiced in every part of the world , such as in Europe, Asia and Africa and it was most successful in Russia and other parts of eastern Europe, China, Northern Korea, Cuba and Africa.


Aims / Goals / Objective of Socialism


1.Fulfilling its aim by placing all major means of production in the hands of the people directly or through government ownership.


2. Making resource available i.e. Oil, natural resources like minerals etc to be used according to the needs of the people.


3. Replacing capitalism with socialism where capitalism was seen as an evil of mode of production in the society which used to make society not to enjoy in their life.


4. To create a strong workers party; this will control the government on behalf of all people in the society.


5. Eliminating exploitation of man by man, humiliation, segregation, oppression in the society.



 





UTOPIAN SOCIALISM


Utopia, this means somewhere, no where land imaginary which individual think of doing but it is not; therefore Utopia is like Smith imaginary where things should be obtained imaginary and not practically while Utopia socialism thought.


Refers to early ideas of socialism that developed in Europe particularly in Britain and France Motivated mainly by the problem of industrial class resulted from industrial revolution of the first phase, the pro pounders /founders of autopian socialism thought were people like count Henry de Saint Simon, Charter Fomlio Robert Owen, Louis Blano, Thomas more and Tomes comparative.


The Main Ideas of these Socialist Thinkers


1. COUNT HENRY DE SEINT SIMON (1760 -1825).

He advocated the state ownership of pond process and distribution of goods and the state should pay according to one attribute i.e. paying base on experience skills and professional.


2. CHARLES FOURIER (1772 -1837).

He proposed the re-organization of the society into a democratic self governing unit of about four hundred families which should be self sufficient economically and that distribution of the profit must be done in liberal minimum i.e. the profit must be given to each in definite proportion to the community depending on labour, talent and capital.


3. ROBERT OWEN (1771 – 1838).

He advocated the re-organization of the society in a group of about 500 – 3000 people; these society should own and use in common all major means of production for the well being of all members of the community or group and such community should be agricultural society and also carry out other occupation so as to render it near self sufficient.


4. LOUIS BLANC.

He proposed that the state should be reconstructed or re-organized on a democratic base, should supply working men with instruments of labour and every individual had a natural right to work for his own benefits but he cannot find employment on just terms at the hand of private individuals rather the state should were to its help i.e. the state is responsible to find a job for his people and replace or eliminate the private individuals/ capitalist; so if the state eliminate the private individual there should not be competition among workers.


5. THOMAS MORE (1478 – 1535).

He was English states man and philosopher who saw capitalism as an exploitative system. He concluded that equality and happiness was not possible for women under capitalism he also advanced the ideas that the private ownership of the major means of production should be abolished and the society should be reorganized of collective ownership of means of production and collective labour.


6. THOMASO COMPANELLA (1568 – 1639).

He named his imaginary society as “the city of the son”; where in this society there should be no exploitation of man by man, people should not be slavesbut the owners of capital, and social progress would be base on science and the rules of such society and to be scientist too.


NOTE:

Utopian socialism was a view which opposed class struggle and revolutionary means because they believed that negotiations between the capitalist and workers would be the solutions for the capitalist to change the way of exploitation to workers and be a friendly mode of production to workers.






Contribution of Utopian Socialism to the Rise of Socialism


1. They criticized capitalism by showing that capitalism was not a good mode of production because is too exploitative workers and majority who do not own means of production. The Utopianist argued workers to re–organize to the mode which will fit to their life.


2. They proposed on a move of human economic set up. The Utopianist wanted reorganization of the society and mostly liked a society characterized by collection.

3. Utopianist expressed the features of ideal society for the good future of the society in which such ideal society must not be ex-send by exploitation of man by man, oppression, humiliation, segregation and should maintain natural rights.


4. They conscioutised and awake and the society to protest against capitalism because capitalism is a bad mode of period which cannot feet in the society due to its evils like humiliation, exploitation and segregation.


5. They lay a foundation to the rise of scientific socialism which come into existence after it had learn the failure of utopian socialism e.g. The failure to use class struggle and revolutionary means to overthrow capitalism.


Contribution of Utopian to the Rise of Scientific Socialism


1. Utopianist concerned the evils of capitalism such as exploitation, humiliation oppression, and segregation and exposed its weakness to the society that; capitalism is the bad system and it should be fought in the society by all people in order to end its evilslike exploitation, humiliation, oppression and segregation.


2. Utopianist led to a foundation for the beginning of scientific socialism where by Utopianist provided the over for scientific socialism especially the idea of Utopian thinkers which was re-organization of a society so once scientific socialism come in it based on such theories.


3. Utopianist socialism created awareness and consciousness among the workers of the world by guiding and directing them to the directions to be done in order to fight capitalism in the future e.g. workers were consciotized to unite together and fight together for their common enemy until they win because workers have nothing to lose except to gain.


4. Utopianist provided some ideologieslike command economy; where by the state should control the economy and organize the economy but also state should be able to organize the formation of organization to the ideal society, hence scientific socialism come to existence because on those ideologies like the state should be the one that controlled the economy on behalf of the people.


5. Utopianist provided a lessons to the capitalist to get prepared in the future of exploitation of workers would continue because worker would not tolerate with such exploitation rather they have to protest such exploitation and if possible to over throw the system hence scientific socialism come to base on such lesson provided by Utopianist.


6.Utopian duped a theory of scientific socialism out of an experience of utopian thinking hence socialism become scientific socialism when the two variables were adopted in its value i.e. this were directs and historical materialism.


7.Utopian socialism feared bloodshed and that is why they depended on moral persuasion to being about socialism because they feared war as the only alternative way to remove capitalism system in the society.


8. Utopian were too theoretical and idealistic without any clear means to achieve and implement the ideology and theories.


9. Utopian lacked mass support from the mass because they occurred during the premature workers period of the early phase of industrial revolution which most workers were still illiterates /ignorant to know and fight for their rights e.g. during Luddism where majority of workers were ignorant.


Sources of Utopian Socialism


The source of Utopian socialism was due to industrial and its effects during the development of capitalism in Europe as follows:-


1.Poor conditions of the facing system e.g.there were long working hours,Absence of model service, low wages, poor transport, child labor etc.


2.Poor working conditions and living conditions problem. People lived in congested house with poor ventilation, sleeping on the Float a socialist theory of Michael Hegel a Germany philosopher.






The Failure / Weakness of Utopian Socialism


Utopian socialism had pointed out many problem social, economic, and political problems which faced the society but had one solutions or answers to those problems faced a society could be achieved through so utopian socialism failed to achieve their goals which they aimed as discussed below.


1. The use of wrong method of reforming the system. This was because Utopianist prefer the use of discussion , morality ,negotiation or persuasions so it could be practically impossible to achieve socialism by using negotiations because capitalism is based on exploitation, limitation oppression and segregation and it could not totally to be removed or formed by using wrong method or reformed by using wrong method unless through class struggle and revolutionary likewise Utopian socialist hated class struggle and evolutional means as one of the way to achieve socialism.


2. Utopian socialist had a false way of hoping the attain / achieve better society by relying on the good will of the rich or capitalism to change the life of poor people in the society and sometimes on the lavender but also they were faced with problem of famine and hunger while living in acute poverty.


3. Advancement is science and technologies which removed many workers from their employment during the industrial rev. Many workers went on losing their jobs and the chances of getting bank their employment were limited.


4. Mass dispossession. Majority of people were deprived from owning the major means of period and they were made as laborers for industrial owners.


5. Refer to the effect of industrial revolution to workers.


Objectives / Aims / of a Utopian Socialist


Utopian socialist addressed themselves to the problems which were created by industrial revolution therefore the general objectives were to reform the capitalist system and make it possible to the needs of poor people in the society as elaborated below:


1. It aimed at elimination of private property which insists/instigate on exploitation, oppression and segregation to the majority in the society.


2. It aimed at creation of society under which exploitation and oppression do not exist but people in such society will live in harmonious life.


3. It aimed at provision of social welfare to the people especially the poor people. This can be verified when the utopians wanted the owners of the capital to care for the poor people by providing them with social welfare such as free milled , free, settlement, free medicine, free education etc.


In short the major aim of a utopian socialism was to reform the capitalist by eliminating all evils created in the society by capitalism & make people in the society living in harmonious life where by life which are full of happiness, equality etc.







SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM


This was advocated by Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) and his friend Fredrick Angles who was born in (1820 – 1895) who was aimed at destructing capitalism and establishing a dictatorship state of workers (proletarians) hence scientific socialism was the one which put socialism into practice in the world as the case study was in Russia after the Russian revolution of Oct. 1917. Scientific socialism contained scientific principles of building socialism and philosophical basis of the class struggle and revolution e.g. act (means). These founders of scientific socialism believed that socialism can be attained through class struggle and revolutionary means so there should be the struggle between the workers and the capitalist in which workers should struggle to take control of the state and the major means of production while the capitalist wanted to remain dominant.


Ultimately there should be the revolution by workers (proletariats) to take control of the state and major means of production, so Karl marx, Fredrick Engels and Later Vladimir Lenin succeeded to make a revolution and build socialism in Russia in Oct. 1917 after the Bolshevik revolution. Following the Bolshevik revolution in Russia Oct. 1917 Socialism came into reality/existence through class struggle and revolution action in which the capitalist was overthrown in Russia.


Max and Angels wanted workers to make revolution and establish dictatorship state of workers in which worker could seize or get political power and establish socialism but later socialism should transform to its highest stage of communism, hence Max, Angels, Lenin and other socialist theorists saw socialism as a traditional stage so they wanted a society to establish communism in which a society would be classless, state less and would be no private ownership of the major means of production. Society under communion would be provided with all needs and each individual will contribute according to his talent or ability.


Also under communism there should be ideal society whereby would be no exploitation of man by man, labor power of workers would stop to be a commodity because workers will be working for themselves and for their society as a whole. The private property under socialism after proletariat revolution must be nationalized by the state controlled by workers and the major means of production such as banks, miner, transport and communication, industries and plantations must be under the control of workers through state super vision.


Large scale of import – export should be also under the public control in a society for the benefit of all people especially poor people in the society, under socialism after scientific socialism, property must be divided into two i.e. personal property and public property in which the public property must include all nationalized properties from the capitalist like banks, factories etc while the other personal property must product and labour intended for personal consumption.


Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin and Mao Tse-Tung


KARL MAX MAJOR IDEAS


In his analysis Max observed the followings:


(i) Exploitation of man by man was a feature of capitalism.


(ii) It could not be possible to persuade the capitalist to stop its evils like exploitation, humiliation, oppression and segregation.


(iii) What was to be done to put an end of capitalism in which the major means of production was to be put under the control of workers for their benefits and was only through class struggle and revolutionary actions.


(iv) History has been a process of change through class struggle, so workers and other people in a society should struggle to end the system of capitalism and write a new history in a society.


(v) Capitalist are to be over threw by the exploited class who are oppressed, humiliated and exploited, in order to establish socialism.


(vi) All wealth and property in the society is created by labor of the working class who in capitalism own neither factory nor tools of production, hence workers should write together to own and control wealth and property created by labor power.


(vii) The personal greatly and selfishness at the people must be replaced by religion and other ideas of ideal society.


(viii) Workers own only their labor power which they do sell to the capitalist as a commodity so they live only by working to the capitalism hence they must unit together to fight capitalism and eliminate all like bank industries etc in order for workers to enjoy for their life. Max argued that capitalism was creating condition to socialism to exist because of the evils of capitalism in the society and also argued that once all capitalist class had been broken and overthrown then no longer any exploitative class in society rather socialism would have reduced in climax (peak) and dictatorship of proletariat would not be necessary in the society rather socialism had to transform to its highest stage known as communism in which the following


Characteristics, Features or Elements should be Observed


(i) Production is at the highest stage and according to his needs.

(ii) Classless society would come to existence.


(iii) Manual and intellectual labor would have no difference.

(iv) The difference between town and country (rural) would be eliminated.


(v) All other qualities produced by capitalism would be eliminated.

(vi) There must be high science and technology in society.


(vii) There would be no law, police, prison or army because under communalism there is no need of having state and instruments of force.



MARX AND PROLETARIATES (Working Class)


Socialism has propounded by Karl Max become attractive to working class more than other socialist in the world, hence the following were the suggestions of Max to the workers:


(i) Max organized the first group of socialist from different countries which was known as International working class of the socialist formed on 1864 in London.


(ii) Max manifests become wide spread as the socialist document in the world, calling all workers of the world to unite together and fight capitalism with its evils until they win because labor (chains).


(iii) From 1848 there were a lot of revolutions in the world including France, China etc. where by the workers were demanding for their rights 15 years after the end of the first international, 2nd international workers must was found under Fredrick Engels because Max has died so in 1893 the 2nd international workers must was put into practice in Switzerland which was attended by socialist must of different countries who represented their countries e.g. in Russia there was the social democratic party which was under V.I Lenin. Later on VI Lenin carried out the first socialist revolution in Russia.


Generally Max interpretation of history indicated that socialist revolution could take place first in the most highly development countries like Britain and France however this did not happen due to many reasons such as;-


(i) Improvement of working condition of workers.

(ii) Introduction of collective bargaining.

(iii) Introduction of Western democracy etc.


With those factors the first socialism occurred in Russian in Oct. 1917 after the Bolshevik revolution.






THE THEORY OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM


This was written as scientific socialism when the communist manifest was published by KarlMax and Fredrick Engels. The philosophical bases of scientific socialism is class struggle and revolutionary action as the most effective way of building socialism, according to Max and Engels in the absence of class struggle and revolutionary action if is impossible to build scientific socialism. From the analysis of Karl Max (1883 -1818) and Engels (1820 -1895) the following were observed;


(i) Destruction of capitalism can only be achieved by revolutionary actions and class struggle since exploitative class i.e. capitalist would not voluntarily surrender.


(ii) The working class is the only revolutionary force capable of overthrowing capitalism because workers has the majority in the society but there the one who are exploited, humiliated, oppressed and own nothing except their labor power until they win.


(iii) The working class will have to form a common front with its alliance with peasant and other progressive social groups must join together to over throw capitalism.


(iv) Overthrown of capitalist state will be replaced by dictatorship of the proletariat which must defend and protect the interest of masses.


(v) The government of workers must ensure the followings:-


(a) The major means of period and distribution of wealth and property are put in hands of workers and peasants.


(b) Labor is no longer treated as a commodity.


(c)The economic structure must dissolve the contradictions in the society because the socialist government of workers must plan the economy for all people in the society.


The Origin /Genesis of Scientific Socialism


1. Contribution of Germany Ideology of dialectics.

This Ideology was put forward philosopher known as Michael Hegel whereby Hegel with his Ideology of dialect insisted on changes in the society is inevitable and always this changes arise out of contradictions, Hegel used three concepts to verify the theory of dialects which are thesis –Antithesis thesis from the German Ideology Max borrowed. The concept of dialects - and used them to develop the concept of Historical and direction materialism which is called correct outlook of the world, the concept of historical materialism stated that matter is in a constant motion or change and people should understand the laws governing nature. Max Later concluded that the change from capitalism to socialism was inevitable even by revolution because the society as a matter keeps on a constant change.


2. Contribution of French revolution of 1789 in building socialism.

The French revolution which advocated for equality force for the rise of scientific socialism, this was because after French had made a revolution it managed to establish French socialism which stay for start time of only 72 days but it collapsed so Karl max fear its weaknesses involved in French socialism that the French socialism after the revolution of 1789 failed because it was led by idealistic way of thinking and not scientific approach. From this weakness Max disposed a scientific theory of building socialism which insisted workers to struggle not make revolution/ in order to remove the capitalist more scientifically and not by emotion or immorality.


3. Contribution of Utopian socialism.

This intended to build socialism through moral approach / discussion / persuasion to the capitalist. Karl Max criticized their wrong way/ approach that it was practically impossible to ask the exploiters to stop exploitation and oppression since they were the one who benefited of the capitalist system and usually capitalism operated through exploitation from this weakness Karl Max and Engels depend the method of class struggle and revolutionary action as the scientific way of building socialism in the world.


4. The contribution of the English political economist The contribution of the English political economic from the English political economist Karl Max criticized them because of their weakness and because they were emphasizing capitalism in the society, there were like Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Robert Malthus because their theory justified capitalist exploitation in the society.


(a) Adam Smith

In his book of the “wealth of the nations” published in 1776 said that all business and economic activities are regulated by the natural Laws which are the Law of supply and demand & the Law of competition that is in any business price will be fixed by the supply and demand; so Smith argued that every man should be free to do what he thought to be the best for himself e.g. to involve in business or to involve in capitalism.


(b) Robert Malthus.

He was an Anglican clergyman who become a professor of economics in his book titled as “An essay on the principle of population” published in 1798 he wrote that the greatest obstacle to human progress was the increase of population, therefore he argued that population was increasing geometrically while production and food supply was increasing arithmetically e.g.

Population Production and food supply

2x x

4x 2x

9x 3x

16x 4x etc

Then he comes out with the possible solutions to the problems:

- He advocated wars, 
- Famine and hunger, 
- Diseases especially epidemic diseases etc. 
All these aimed to reduce population size.


(c) David Ricardo.

He advocated the theory of comparative advantages where in his book titled as “principle of political economy and taxation” of 1870 he recommended that each region as to dwell/continue on producing what is suitable for each region i.e. Agrarian societies should remain agrarian and industrial societies should remain industrial.


Therefore Karl Max come out with the theory of scientific which aspired for building a socialist state under exploitation of man by man, oppression, and segregation of people in a society should not exist.


5. The contribution of Karl max and Fredrick Engels.

These thinkers were the initiatives of scientific socialism who advocated their time to write and expand the idea of building socialism through the principle of scientific socialism hence the ideas of Max and Engels were taken and put into practice by people who aimed and volunteered to build socialism in the world history e.g. Lenin, who built socialism in Russia after the Bolshevik revolution of Oct. 1917.






Principles of Building Scientific Socialism


According to Karl Marx, construction of scientific socialism must be led by scientific principles these are economic base, mode of production, class conflict and class struggle, revolution strategy, agent of revolution.


1. Economic base

The contribution of scientific socialism depended on economic base of particularly society according to Max if the economic is weak do not dream to build scientific socialism but if the economic base of a particular society is strong the scientific socialism will be constructed base in a society were economy, therefore the poor struggle to achieve better economic situation but if the economic base is weak no struggle of the society.


2. Mode of production.

This is one of the determinant factor for building scientific socialism because mode of production determines human nature at a particular stage & conflict tend to exist in such mode of production e.g. in capitalism exploitation, humiliation and segregation are very high this led to antagonistic class struggle between the capitalists and the workers so the class conflict in capitalism become sharper and sharp created a conducive environment for socialism revolution. Max concluded that scientific socialism is possible to be launched successful under capitalism because of its evils in the society.


3. Class conflict and class struggle.

According to Max the production process determined the existence of class and class conflict which these two led to the rise of class struggle in the society and according to him the class difference and conflict is the result of economic factor or reasons therefore the class conflict. Class struggle and class are related to the questions like who produce what and who has got what. This resulted to scientific socialism in order to end the class conflict and class struggle which the result of capitalism and its evils in the society.


4. Revolution strategy.

By revolution we means the total overthrow of the rulling class from power and those who were rolled by that ruling class, so Max wanted workers to have a clear strategylike what time should the revolution take place and where to start the revolution and who should take power after the revolution.


5. Agents of the revolution.

According to Max scientific socialism must be led by most exploited and oppressed people who are the proletariat class because this class is the once which feels the pains of the capitalist like humiliations, segregation, oppression and exploitation. This class where they get tired of capitalism they must decide to overthrow the capitalism and thus why for Max the exploited class is the correct agent for the socialist revolution.

 Revolution


SOCIALISM IN PRACTICE


RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IN OCT. 1917


A revolution is a political term which can be defines as the total over throw of the existing government by those who were previously subjected to it. The Russia socialist revolution took place in 26 th Oct. 1917 under the Bolsheviks. This revolution however preceded by another revolution which took place in Feb. 1917 but this was not successful like the Bolsheviks’ because of its weakness in the society/ to the Russians but both of these revolution come into existence because of the problems faced Russians b4 and during 1917.


The Russian Society before and during 1917


1. Peasants

This were the majority in Russia who used primitive method of cultivation like hand hoe without any mechanizationin agriculture like the use of tractors, no use of machines for planting and harvesting;


(i) The economy of the peasant was very Low because of the use of primitive methods of cultivation.


(ii) At the beginning of the 19 th Russian agriculture was still low in comparison with other western European countries.


(iii) Land distribution was unfair because a large number of acres of land which belongs to the millions of peasants were taken by the ruling class and given to the few Land Lords who were about 30,000 hence there were serious Land shortage among the peasants which led them to support the Oct. 1917 revolution in Russia.


2. The Proletariat

(i) This was a very small number of people in the 20 th C.

(ii) This group of workers was concentrated in very few areas especially in towns.

(iii) They had very Low standard of Living because they earn a little.

(iv) Workers had to supplement their wages with cultivation of small plots in the country side but also the cultivation was done by primitive way (hand hoe) hence they supported a revolution seriously in order to get out all these problems.


3. The big Land Lords (Land Lords)

This group comprised of the rural capitalist who own rural farms and most of the peasant had to work in their forms for their benefits and this group was small in number in Russian society.


4. The capitalist class / Bourgeoisie class.

This class was weak and small which operated its economic activity by using foreign capital because Russia by that time were very much behind of the western industrial stage of capitalism so their influence to the ruling class was negligible.


5. The Russian Orthodox Church.

This comprises the bishops and upper clergy this Orthodox Church (class) had cooperated with the ruling class in Russia to oppress the normal Russians.


6. The Adminisrators.

This class composed of the Tsa (csar) or the King and the nobility, in this class the parliament (DUMA) had unlimited power because it based only on restricted electorate and its role was to make Laws and order only while all the powers of implementing those powers were given to the ruling class under the Tsay. The revolution intended to overthrow the ruling class, hence the revolution of Russia was took place when Russian was partially feudal state in Rural areas and partiality a capitalist state especially in urban areas however a large percent of Russia was under feudalism. 

Socialist ideas were introduced in Russia by political socialist who were in exile and who made socialist from other countries.


NOTE: The Russia Revolution was led by a social democratic Labor party which some years before revolution had already split into two groups which are the Bolsheviks and Men shevicks however both of them agreed that at feudal and at capitalist revolution was necessary for establishing socialist.

 Lenin addressing a crowd in Red Square, Moscow, Russian Revolution, October 1917


Difference between Menshevicks and Bolishevicks


Menshevicks, these socialist thought that contradictions in Russia were not ripe for socialist revolution due to Lack of Large industrial working class and industrial sector, So they felt that capitalist should led the revolution against feudalism in the country and later on workers will be able to gain experience for Later socialist revolution.


Bolsheviks, these are extreme socialist, this group was led by V.J. Lenin. The Bolshevik criticized the men shevicks for treating Marxism as a dogma (doctrine) which means theories said by Marx should not be changed VI Lenin argued that Karl-max once said. In time of revolution there must be flexibility.


This group believed that the capitalist could not play a progressive ant feudal lord in Russia because the capitalist asked with the ruling class under Tsa Nicholaus II to oppress, humiliateand exploit the normal Russians (Majority) hence Lenin and his group believed that the revolution should be Learn by the party of the working class which must make alliance with the poor peasant.


In short the Problems Faced the Russians between 1860 up to 1917:


1. The peasants were not independent because they had no Land, they were exploited by the ruling feudal class, they were terribly living in poor conditions where by their life were very bad under acute poverty.


2. There was not real freedom to the serfs who usually they offered their works to the feudal Lord but their life was in Low standard.


3. Serfs were almost slaves where they had no rights in their life, in spite of the emancipation of 1861 movement to demand for their rights but they were not given their rights but they were not given their rights e.g. not given Land, freedom of human rights etc and they continued to pay a fee for 49 years for the benefit of the ruling class.


4. The Russian society also faced a lot of problem in their life e.g. humiliation, segregation, exploitation oppression etc. where by the feudal ruling class in collaboration with capitalist and feudal lords used to humiliate, segregate and exploit the normal Russians.


5. Workers were not allowed to form their trade unions in order to demand for their rights despite of the problems they faced while working in industries.


6. Russia was not well developed and it was characterized by backwardness economy and under development because during this the Russia was still depending on Agrarian economy.


7. Russian people were forced to pay high taxation which led them to be deprived their rights and freedom of speech by Tsa regime, orthodox church and the feudal lords because Russians who had nothing to own were forced by the ruling class to pay high tax for their benefit.


8.There was a miserable life to all Russians e.g. people lived and sleeping in congested houses with no ventilation no sufficient food, no education to children, people were punished publicly by the feudal Lords etc, all these problems Led the people of Russia to support the Oct. 1917 revolution in Russia.


Causes / Factors / Reasons / Background for Russian Revolution of 1917


1. A poor leadership of Tsar Nicholaus II.

The poor leadership led to the Russian revolution of 1917. This is because when Russia was under the rule of Tsa Nicholaus II the capitalist and feudal Lords allied with the Tsa Nicholaus to exploit and oppress the ordinary people in Russian this ordinary people were poor, having no land, faced poor working condition hence the intensive exploitation and oppression by Tsa led the Russians to support the revolution in Oct. 1917.


Moreover the Tsa regime refused to introduce Reforms and changes in Russia, These led Tsa Nicholaus to adopt a bogus or sham democracy which increased the problem in the society because in this democracy the Tsa would dissolve the DUMA at any time he wish to do so e.g. The fist DUMA was introduced in 1906 but dissolved in the same year by Tsa Nicholaus II other Dumas which was introduced in 1907 lived for short period be being dissolved again, these led the increase of strikes, boycott and demonstrations and blood killings increased in Russia especially from 1905 which paved a way for Oct. 1917 revolution.


2.The effects of the World War 1 of 1914 –1918.

The World War 1 accelerated to the Oct, revolution in Russia because during this war Russia allied with the triple entente of Britain, France and USA to fight against the triple alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. In the war Russian army which fought in the two general fronts which was in the East against Germany and South against Austria-Hungary but in his front Russian army was defeated by Germany, where by many soldiers were lived and many others were wounded. But also the war increased expenditure which led the decline of economy in Russia while the coast of living increased e.g. workers in factories for long working hours to earn little in order for them to survive and goods distribution was inefficient which led long lines for bread in Russia cities especially in petrograd.


This increased strikes of workers who demanded for bread, The war also led soldiers who were living in villages to increase strikes demanding for their rights which they were promised to be given after the war hence the increase of boycotts, demonstrations and strikes which become the all of the day in major cities led Tsa Nicholaus II to resign from power on March 1917 officially 15/03/1917 and his power was taken by prince Lvov.


3. The weakness of the formed provisional government.

This was formed after the resignation of Tsa Nicholaus II had a lot of weakness revolution, Prince Lvov who assumed leadership on July 1917 and thereafter Kerensky led the provision government not interested to make changes in Russia and become un popular to the majority in Russia due to the followings:-


(a) This government was in favor of continuous WWI which could not loving peace in Russia while people were no longer with the war.


(b) This government could not provide food and guarantee land to the majority in Russia.


(c) The government failed to solve the fundamentals of Russians who were the majority like to remove inflection, un employment hence once Bolshevik come in exposed the weakness of the provisional government to the majority and succeeded to mobilize them for more support in 1917 Oct. revolution e.g. V.I Lenin who a lived in Russia April 1917 from exile in Switzerland through Germany he organized the Bolshevikwho promised them food, peace and land restoration therefore in Oct. 1917 the Masses allied with him in Bolshevik revolution.


4. The good and strong leadership of V.I Lenin and other committed socialist to make a revolution. The strong and committed leadership under the Bolshevik party led the revolution of Oct 1917 because these Bolshevik leaders wanted nothing except the revolution e.g. Leaders like V.I Lenin, Joseph Stalin and Trotsky worked likea five in order to active a socialist revolution regardless a number of obstacle they faced like improvement, exile in Finland and Later on Switzerland, Trotsky escaped to America and Joseph escaped worked day and night even in exile and even when they come back secretly they did not surrender rather they continued until they succeeded to make a revolution in Oct. 1917.


E.g. Lenin when he arrived from exile he outlived his program to the Bolshevik at the railways station in April 1917:

- Breads for workers, 
- Land for workers,
- Good life for Russians, 
- Good education for Russian children 
Hence his program attracted the majority in Russia who supported him in a revolution.


5. The teaching of Karl-max and Engels.

Contributed much in the Oct. 1917 Russian revolution because Max and Engels inspired a lot in the development of socialist thought in Russian e.g. in their famous books “ Das capital” and “Communist manifesto” Max and Engels spread the revolution ideas of establishing a communist state which would be out of capitalist evils hence it was those ideas that V.I Lenin used to implement in consciously Russians to participate in the Oct. 1917 Russian revolution. In fact if Karl-max and Engels had not propounded the ideas of socialism then it could not be possible for socialism to be successful in Russia.


6. The Russia – Japanese war (conflict) 1905.

In this conflict/ war Russian was miserable defeated by Japan, this accelerated to Oct. 1917 revolution in Russia because many Russian become annoyed and disappointed with Tsar regime (government) and they lost hope with Tsa’s regime due to the fact that this war led to the decline of Russian economy, the life of normal Russian become difficult. Most of the soldiers were not given their good economic aspects like Land which were promised to be given after the war Russian government had to borrow money to run the government from the capitalist so all the people in Russia were to look for another alternative way to remove the Tsa regime from political power hence they supported Oct. 1917 revolution.


7. The miserable economic condition of Russia.

Before the revolution Russia was under feudalism in most parts of Russia except the few towns where a small number of workers worked under a foreign capitalist invested in Russia. So majority of Russians lived in acute poverty, faced with hunger and famine, natural calamities was common to the people of Russia all these miserable economic conditions in Russia promised people to ask for change so as to be in better life. The only way for a change was through the Oct. 1917 Revolution.

 Tsar Nicholaus II


The Effects of the Russian Revolution to Russians


1. The revolution managed to over throw the provisional government of Kerensky and established the Bolshevik government under VI Lenin.


2. Russia was immediately able to restore peace, security and bring unity among Russians after withdrawing from World War 1.


3. Russia was nationalized all the private properties such as crow land, Land Lord Land, churches Land without compensation and gave it to the peasant through peasant committee. Likewise the foreign investments which was industries were nationalized but because the industries nationalized belongs to western power it led to the occurrence of the war between the white (Army of Western investors) against the Reds (Bolshevik army) from 1918 – 1920 however the Bolshevik won.


4. The Church and the state were separated while religions and education in school was abolished (secular state).


5. Class differences in the society were abolished in which equality between man by man, sexes was observed and a decree (Law) was passed against inheritance of property.


6. The revolution led the communist of the Bolshevik party to be able to consolidate themselves in power by using different mechanism e.g. using special secret police called cheka, to imprison, to killor exile anti communist leadership where by some people exiled early and all anticommunist element in Russian society was eliminated.


7. In 1921 Lenin introduced a special program known as the new economic policy (NEP) by which a limited degree of capitalism was allowed e.g. people were allowed to own small enterprises, small scale industry, not allowed to own and control the key economic sectors e.g. banking, heavy industries, foreign trade etc.


Addition: In promoting the development of the country the five years development plan was started by the Bolshevik starting from (1928 – 1932, 1932 –1937, 1937 – 1942, 1942 – 1947, 1947 – 1952). In this program the Bolshevik mobilized people but also the Bolshevik were responsible to evaluate the success of the goals by directing people to involve in expected goals of development.


8. The Bolshevik party had a socialist democratic structure for mass participation in discussion, decision making and implementation of the goals, this structure was from the grass root levelto the national level which always ensured discipline and national unit within the party but it also directed Russian foreign policy, education and others in Russian society.


The Impact of Russian Revolution of Oct. 1917 World Wide


1. The revolution led to spread of socialist & communist ideas in different parts of the world especially in eastern Europe Asia, Southern America and in Africa e.g. the spread of Asia to Asian where by several states emerged as a socialist statelike China, North Korea, Cambodia, Vietnam, Raos, Northern America to Cuba, Southern America it spread to Chile and in Africa was in Mozambique, Tanganyika, Angola, Ghana, Egypt etc.


2. The Oct. revolution of 1917 Led to cold war politics in the world between the Eastern camp led by USSR and the Western camp under U.S.A where by these two camps followed different ideology thus why led to the emergence of cold war politics.


3. Revolution of 1917 led to the formation of military alliance between the eastern camp and western camp where each camp formed a military alliance to defend and e.g. the eastern camp with socialist ideology formed the WARSAW PACT in (1950’s) while the western camp with capitalism ideology formed NATO in 1948.


4.The revolution of 1917 led to decolonization process in the colonized areas in Africa and Asia; where by Russia helped the nationalist morally and materially like provided food, money, advice and guns to the nationalist in order to defeat colonialism because Russia believed that colonialism and capitalism is like brother and sister due to the fact that it colonized people, humiliating them, looking for labor, raw materials, expanding market in different colonized areas for the world.


5. Russian revolution of 1917 led to nationalization of all private properties and wealth in other socialist countries in the world e.g. private property are land, bank, factory were nationalized and put under the control of the government in different socialist country for the benefit of the people in those countries .


6. The revolution of 1917 led to formation of NAM (Non Aligned Movement) in the third world countries or poor nations where by these poor countries formed NAM in order to government economic, political, social and technical assistance from both socialist and capitalist countries.


7. The revolution of 1917 led to the emergence of the two enmity blocks in the system of production and administration where by the socialist invited themselves under the eastern bloc while capitalism led the followers of the system to unite themselves under the western block, this two block existed until early 1990’s when socialism collapsed in Russia due to economic and political reforms occurred in the world.

 NAM (Non Aligned Movement) 


Effects of Russian Revolution in Africa


1. It intensified/ increased ant colonial struggles for those who were fighting for self determination and self rule whereby Russia provided more support and moral support to African nations in order to fight against colonialist due to the fact that colonialism and capitalism are two sides of the same coin.


2. It intensified / increased to spread of socialist ideology and adoption of socialism in various African nation e.g. Ujamaa village which was the result of family hood in Tanzania, common mans charter in Uganda Harambee (Kenya) and Humanism in Zambia.


3. Created a political awareness in Africa especially when many Africans began to go in Russia for education, this was because Russia provided scholarship to Africans to go in Russia to study many things including socialism.


4. In increased the enmity in African nations due to the fact that there some African nations which followed capitalist ideology and others followed socialism. Those nations which followed socialism were not in good learning with those nation followed capitalism e.g. Due to that ideology in East Africa let to the collapse of former EAC in 1977.


Socialist Leaders: Julius Nyerere with Fidel Castro and a Cuban worker in 1977
Significance of Russian Revolution of Oct. 1917 in the World


1. The Russian revolution brought a new social and political system in the world because after Russian revolution which witnessed at the first time the theory of scientific socialism to put into practice in the world history led the birth of socialism as a new social and political system.


2. The Russian led to polarization of the world in to conflicting ideological camps; which were socialism in one hand with Eastern black and capitalism with western block so there was a great advantage to different nations of the world because those nations which were under socialism were to get assistance both material support and moral from USSR, and those nations which were under capitalism were to get assistance from U.S.A for both economic, social, political and technical development.


3.The Russian led to demonstration that socialism can be build even under unprompted conditions that is can be built anywhere because by that time of socialist revolution in Russia, Russia was still dominated by feudal mode of production in large parts but it managed to build socialism.


4.The Russian led to the formation of NAM in the LDC in which the intention of formation of NAM was to look for a middle cause of the cold war politics involved in the super powers but also it aimed to attract economic, social, political and technical assistance from both super powers of the world in that time which was USSR and U.S.A to the power nation.


5. The Russian inspired and accelerated liberation struggles and decolonization process in colonized areas of Africa and Asia by providing both material and moral support to the nationalist e.g. the concept of the national question advocated by Joseph Stalin called upon the colonized people to fight against colonialism as well as imperialism led by U.S.A which wanted colonies to be free for her to invest, to exploit, to get labor, market and raw materials.


6. There was ideological reliance, this advocated by Russia after the revolution of Oct 1917 led newly nation in Africa and Asia to rely on USSR in matters related to socialist construction all wise Russia provided tangible support to the newly nations of African and Asia by providing those newly nations grants and aids also Asia vice technical assistance, military assistance of so that these newly nation could defect colonialism and imperialism led by U.S.A.



THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 1949


The situation in China before Revolution:

1. Before the revolution; China was ruled by oppressive and exploitation feudal system which were disliked by the workers. This feudal class comprised the feudal dynasty (class) at home but also there were imperialist powers which had invested in China, these imperialist powers exploited the workers by giving them low wages Working long hours and living in poor condition or situation.


2. The serfs were tortured, harassed and over worked by the Land Lords.


3. All the land belong to the land Lords and majority of the peasants were land less hence they obliged to work under the feudal lords who paid them low wages and made them to work long hours etc this increased enmity among the Chinese.


4. Geographical condition; China had harsh climatic conditions which led droughts, famine hunger and starvation but also floods and epidemic diseases were common among the Chinese.


5. There were rampant unemployment among the people in China hence the huge number or majority of China had no employment and they lived like beggars.


6. There were poor provision of infrastructure and social services in China. E.g. there were no good roads, ports and harbor, telecommunication no education facilities which made majority illiterates and poor medical care which led massive death among the people in China.


7. China was highly divided into two classes whereby at the top there was King, group of literate, Land Lords and at the bottom were the serfs who were the majority being exploited by the land Lords.


8. Chinese industries were poorly developed; whereby these industries used low and poor technology but also industries were un evenly developed and distributed however these industries were owned by the capitalist in the West who invested in China and therefore industries played a minimal role in national economy because they were very backwardness and they were not own by the people of China rather foreigners.


9. Japan was a traditional enemy of China where she used to attack China for raw materials e.g. In 1931 Japan attacked Manchuria which was the part of China etc.

 Chinese Revolution


Causes of the Chinese Revolutionin 1949


1. Good leadership of Mao Tse-Tung.

Mao managed to mobilize the peasants in the country side to against the feudal dynasty and later they succeeded to make a revolution in 1949.


2. The philosophy of Confucianism.

These philosophies developed among the people in China which was insisting on cooperation, unit working hard and resting exploitation, humiliation and oppression of the feudal class and the foreign imperialist; hence the philosophy of Confucianism led people in China to unite themselves under the comrade of Mao Tse-Tung to make the Chinese Revolution in 1949.


3. An autocratic rule of the feudal class in China; during the feudal class the Chinese were oppressed exploited, tortured, harassed by the feudal class in their country, they had no freedom to talk and propose anything about the development of their country therefore they united under the leadership of Mao Tse-Tung to make the Chinese revolution in 1949.


4. The problems of the Chinese /Massive.

During the feudal rule the Chinese society faced with a lot of problems like unemployment, Famine and hunger, floods in the country, droughts, epidemic diseases, poor provision of social /services and Chinese society to be unsatisfied with the ruling feudal class therefore decided to unite together under the leadership of Mao Tse-Tung to make Chinese revolution in 1949.


5. The teaching of Karl-max and Engels accelerated to Chinese revolution because Mao who was a founder of Chinese revolution read the books of Karl max and Engels which was about the revolution as the solution to establish socialism in the world history; therefore Mao understand well the theory of Max and Engels who insisted on revolution to insist socialism hence Mao used the teachings of Karl-max to mobilize and unite his fellow Chinese to make the revolution in 1949.


6. The failure of Chinese rule to end the conflict with Japan was also another cause for Chinese revolution 1949. During the feudal rule in China; Japan which was the traditional enemy of China used to attack and annex some parts of China for raw materials likecoal and iron ore and the Chinese rule kept quite during those enormities e.g. In 1931 when Japan attacked Manchuria, 1937, 1936 and 1940’s hence the people accrued the feudal ruling class for failure to dissolve the conflict hence they have support Mao Tse-Tung for Chinese revolution in 1949.


Mao Tse-Tung


POLITICAL & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA SINCE 1949


The revolution in China which was conducted by Chinese communist party under comrade Mao Tse-Tung for almost 30 years (from 1921 – 1949) was mostly centered in struggle in rural areas, hence it was peasant based revolution and therefore far within 30 years Mao Tse-Tung become popular and government large mass support.


NB; There was no specific training for those who wanted to join the revolution; it involved all peasants. It started in the rural areas and spread to town; this is because the revolution in China involved more peasants rather than the working class and this is why Marxist scholars have argued that the Chinese revolution was against the Marxist way of conducting a socialist revolution.


After the revolution, the following political and economic development was seen in China, this was due to the various strategies adopted in order to build China.


1. Industrialization policy

This policy Chinese did the followings:-


(a) Nationalized all the industries which were previously under, the imperialist and Japanese control, these industries were put under the control of the government in Municipalities and rural areas.


(b) At Shanghai and Hong Kong a modification of the control of the private own of industries were done whereby workers were allowed to supervise their employers activities, working conditions, raw material and sell the finished goods.


(c) The soviets (USSR) model of heavy industries was adopted during 1953 to 1957 that is there were five years development plan;this was capital intensive which led to heavy industrialization in China.


(d) The great leap forward of 1958-1960 was adopted; this policy was first industrialization whereby people were allowed to use their own initiatives towards industrialization.


2. On Land policy

The Chinese government under the communist party led by Mao Tse-Tung did the following strategies on land;

(i) All the land was taken from the land lords and given to the peasants.

(ii) The great revolution on land was done where by the rapid change in agricultural period was adopted such as to improve the varieties of seeds in order to increase production, the use of fertilizers, prevention of soil erosion, land reclamation, deep ploughing, plant protection, close plating, floods control in the river of Yang Tse– Kiang, Si-Kiang and HwangHo, pest and diseases control, irrigation system and seeds improvement.

Mao Tse-Tung addressing a crowd soon after Chinese Revolution of 1949